In this application, it is desirable to know the carrying capacity of bubbles of various sizes from an energy difference perspective for the efficiency of the operation. In another example, in dissolved air flotation (DAF), microbubbles (40–70 μm) are used to remove impurities in water and wastewater treatment facilities. (14) Here, it is important to identify critical parameters of the system that result in the most stable configuration. During the froth flotation used for the recovery of bitumen from oil sands, for example, the air bubbles are encapsulated by the bitumen in the conditioning step. (4,11−13) For applications such as froth flotation, there is growing interest in particular properties of configurations involving bubbles. Although there exist methods to estimate the nature of the interactions and resulting geometries, (1−10) increasing interest in the applications of these systems in recent years has made it necessary to study them in a more detailed framework in order to make better predictions. Multiphase systems similar to the ones analyzed here have broad applications in microfluidics, atmospheric physics, soft photonics, froth flotation, oil recovery, and some biological phenomena.īubble–droplet or droplet–droplet systems which involve the attachment of two nonmixing fluids surrounded by another mutually immiscible medium (e.g., an air bubble and an oil drop in water a phase separated aerosol drop in the atmosphere, etc.) have been investigated by many researchers due to their importance in both natural and industrial processes. Quantitative effects of system parameters such as interfacial tensions, volumes, and the scale of the system on geometry and stability are further explored. These equations are then numerically solved for an example system consisting of a dodecane drop and an air bubble surrounded by water, and the relative stability of distinct equilibrium shapes is investigated based on free-energy comparisons. #Leila bubble letters font free#We use Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics to derive equilibrium conditions and the equation acting as the free energy (thermodynamic potential) for this system. Here we investigate equilibrium configurations of two fluid drops suspended in another fluid, which can be seen as a simple building block of more complicated systems. Moreover, due to the assumptions made, their validity is questionable at smaller scales where pressure forces due to curvature of the interfaces become significant or in systems where a compressible gas phase is present. However, these qualitative methods are limited to determining the nature of the equilibrium states and do not provide enough information to calculate the exact equilibrium geometries. Relatively simple concepts such as the spreading coefficient (SC) have been extensively used by many researchers to make predictions. Depending on the relative magnitudes of these interfacial tensions, a composite system made up of immiscible fluids in contact with one another can exhibit contrasting behavior: the formation of lenses in one case and complete encapsulation in another. In the absence of external fields, interfacial tensions between different phases dictate the equilibrium morphology of a multiphase system.
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